Dye BA, Li X, Beltran-Aguilar ED Selected oral health indicators in the United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief. 2012 May;(96):1-8.
Edelstein BL, Ureles SD, Smaldone A Very High Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Predicts Caries Progression in Young Children. Pediatr Dent. 2016;38(4):325-30. Erratum in: Pediatr Dent. 2017 Jul 15;39(4):268.
Larson K, Cull WL, Racine AD, Olson LM Trends in Access to Health Care Services for US Children: 2000-2014. Pediatrics. 2016 Dec;138(6). pii: e20162176. Epub 2016 Nov 15.
Lee C, Tinanoff N, Minah G, Romberg E Effect of Mutans streptococcal colonization on plaque formation and regrowth in young children--a brief commnunication. J Public Health Dent. 2008 Winter;68(1):57-60.
Leone CW, Oppenheim FG Physical and chemical aspects of saliva as indicators of risk for dental caries in humans. J Dent Educ. 2001 Oct;65(10):1054-62.
Mills C, Patel P Adopting caries risk assessment in all practice environments. Gen Dent. 2016 Jul-Aug;64(4):66-72. Review.
Thibodeau EA, O'Sullivan DM, Tinanoff N Mutans streptococci and caries prevalence in preschool children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993 Oct;21(5):288-91.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
