Dental Caries in Children — Toothbrushing Program in Saudi Arabia "TOPS"
Citation(s)
Al-Jundi SH, Hammad M, Alwaeli H The efficacy of a school-based caries preventive program: a 4-year study. Int J Dent Hyg. 2006 Feb;4(1):30-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00156.x.
Al-Malik MI, Holt RD, Bedi R Prevalence and patterns of caries, rampant caries, and oral health in two- to five-year-old children in Saudi Arabia. J Dent Child (Chic). 2003 Sep-Dec;70(3):235-42.
Al-Meedani LA, Al-Dlaigan YH Prevalence of dental caries and associated social risk factors among preschool children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci. 2016 Mar-Apr;32(2):452-6. doi: 10.12669/pjms.322.9439.
AlMarshad LK, Wyne AH, AlJobair AM Early childhood caries prevalence and associated risk factors among Saudi preschool children in Riyadh. Saudi Dent J. 2021 Dec;33(8):1084-1090. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.04.003. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
Borges HC, Garbin CA, Saliba O, Saliba NA, Moimaz SA Socio-behavioral factors influence prevalence and severity of dental caries in children with primary dentition. Braz Oral Res. 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):564-70. doi: 10.1590/s1806-83242012000600013.
Borges-Yanez SA, Castrejon-Perez RC, Camacho MEI Effect of a School-Based Supervised Tooth Brushing Program In Mexico City: A Cluster Randomized Intervention. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017;41(3):204-213. doi: 10.17796/1053-4628-41.3.204.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
