Dementia — The BRAIN Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Study: Bringing to Light the Risk Factors
Citation(s)
Ely EW, Evans GW, Haponik EF Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jul 20;131(2):96-104. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-131-2-199907200-00004.
Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, Orme JF, Bigler ED, Larson-LOHR V Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jul;160(1):50-6. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9708059.
Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Ely EW, Burger C, Hopkins RO Research issues in the evaluation of cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Nov;30(11):2009-16. doi: 10.1007/s00134-004-2422-2. Epub 2004 Sep 15.
Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Hart RP, Hopkins RO, Ely EW The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev. 2004 Jun;14(2):87-98. doi: 10.1023/b:nerv.0000028080.39602.17.
The BRAIN ICU Study: Bringing to Light the Risk Factors and Incidence of Neuropsychological Dysfunction in ICU Survivors
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
