Berney S, Haines K, Skinner EH, Denehy L Safety and feasibility of an exercise prescription approach to rehabilitation across the continuum of care for survivors of critical illness. Phys Ther. 2012 Dec;92(12):1524-35. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110406. Epub 2012 Aug 9.
Bruderer-Hofstetter M, Rausch-Osthoff AK, Meichtry A, Münzer T, Niedermann K Effective multicomponent interventions in comparison to active control and no interventions on physical capacity, cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living in elderly people with and without mild impaired cognition - A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2018 Aug;45:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 18.
Griffiths J, Hatch RA, Bishop J, Morgan K, Jenkinson C, Cuthbertson BH, Brett SJ An exploration of social and economic outcome and associated health-related quality of life after critical illness in general intensive care unit survivors: a 12-month follow-up study. Crit Care. 2013 May 28;17(3):R100. doi: 10.1186/cc12745.
Hamilton DM, Haennel RG Validity and reliability of the 6-minute walk test in a cardiac rehabilitation population. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2000 May-Jun;20(3):156-64.
Hays RD, Bjorner JB, Revicki DA, Spritzer KL, Cella D Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items. Qual Life Res. 2009 Sep;18(7):873-80. doi: 10.1007/s11136-009-9496-9. Epub 2009 Jun 19.
Howland M, Tatsuoka C, Smyth KA, Sajatovic M Evaluating PROMIS(®) applied cognition items in a sample of older adults at risk for cognitive decline. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Jan;247:39-42. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.072. Epub 2016 Nov 1.
Karssemeijer EGA, Aaronson JA, Bossers WJ, Smits T, Olde Rikkert MGM, Kessels RPC Positive effects of combined cognitive and physical exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017 Nov;40:75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.003. Epub 2017 Sep 12. Review.
Khan BA, Lasiter S, Boustani MA CE: critical care recovery center: an innovative collaborative care model for ICU survivors. Am J Nurs. 2015 Mar;115(3):24-31; quiz 34, 46. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000461807.42226.3e.
Lasiter S, Oles SK, Mundell J, London S, Khan B Critical Care Follow-up Clinics: A Scoping Review of Interventions and Outcomes. Clin Nurse Spec. 2016 Jul-Aug;30(4):227-37. doi: 10.1097/NUR.0000000000000219. Review.
Northey JM, Cherbuin N, Pumpa KL, Smee DJ, Rattray B Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Feb;52(3):154-160. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587. Epub 2017 Apr 24. Review.
Öhman H, Savikko N, Strandberg TE, Pitkälä KH Effect of physical exercise on cognitive performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2014;38(5-6):347-65. doi: 10.1159/000365388. Epub 2014 Aug 21. Review.
Rothenhäusler HB, Ehrentraut S, Stoll C, Schelling G, Kapfhammer HP The relationship between cognitive performance and employment and health status in long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of an exploratory study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001 Mar-Apr;23(2):90-6.
Saffer BY, Lanting SC, Koehle MS, Klonsky ED, Iverson GL Assessing cognitive impairment using PROMIS(®) applied cognition-abilities scales in a medical outpatient sample. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Mar 30;226(1):169-72. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.043. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
Tropea J, LoGiudice D, Liew D, Gorelik A, Brand C Poorer outcomes and greater healthcare costs for hospitalised older people with dementia and delirium: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017 May;32(5):539-547. doi: 10.1002/gps.4491. Epub 2016 Apr 25.
Vaportzis E, Niechcial MA, Gow AJ A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of real-world interventions for cognitive ageing in healthy older adults. Ageing Res Rev. 2019 Mar;50:110-130. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.006. Epub 2019 Jan 29.
Yu F, Kolanowski A Facilitating aerobic exercise training in older adults with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Nurs. 2009 Jul-Aug;30(4):250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2008.11.001. Epub 2009 Mar 9.
Zhao J, Yao L, Wang C, Sun Y, Sun Z The effects of cognitive intervention on cognitive impairments after intensive care unit admission. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2017 Apr;27(3):301-317. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1078246. Epub 2015 Aug 27.
Zheng G, Xia R, Zhou W, Tao J, Chen L Aerobic exercise ameliorates cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2016 Dec;50(23):1443-1450. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095699. Epub 2016 Apr 19. Review.
Zhu X, Yin S, Lang M, He R, Li J The more the better? A meta-analysis on effects of combined cognitive and physical intervention on cognition in healthy older adults. Ageing Res Rev. 2016 Nov;31:67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.07.003. Epub 2016 Jul 14. Review.
Simultaneous Recumbent Cycling and Cognitive Training on Cognition in Intensive Care Unit Survivors: A Randomized Control Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.