Delirium — Different Doses of Sevoflurane During Induction of Anesthesia on Emergence Delirium in Children
Citation(s)
Abdel-Ma'boud MA Effect of dexemeditomedine and propofol on the prevention of emergence agitation following sevoflurane anesthesia in Egyptian children. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2014 Dec;44(3):687-94.
Bajwa SA, Costi D, Cyna AM A comparison of emergence delirium scales following general anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010 Aug;20(8):704-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03328.x.
Hadi SM, Saleh AJ, Tang YZ, Daoud A, Mei X, Ouyang W The effect of KETODEX on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane based-anesthesia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015 May;79(5):671-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.02.012. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
Julliac B, Cotillon P, Guehl D, Richez B, Sztark F Target-controlled induction with 2.5% sevoflurane does not avoid the risk of electroencephalographic abnormalities. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2013 Oct;32(10):e143-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2013.07.812. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Kreuzer I, Osthaus WA, Schultz A, Schultz B Influence of the sevoflurane concentration on the occurrence of epileptiform EEG patterns. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89191. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089191. eCollection 2014.
Li X, Xia Q, Li W Comparison of the effects of dezocine, fentanyl, and placebo on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Mar;53(3):241-6. doi: 10.5414/CP202184.
Ozcan A, Kaya AG, Ozcan N, Karaaslan GM, Er E, Baltaci B, Basar H [Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2014 Nov-Dec;64(6):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bjan.2014.01.004. Epub 2014 Aug 29. Portuguese.
Pilge S, Jordan D, Kochs EF, Schneider G Sevoflurane-induced epileptiform electroencephalographic activity and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a volunteer study. Anesthesiology. 2013 Aug;119(2):447. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827335b9.
Saxena A, Sethi A, Agarwal V, Godwin RB Effect of caudal clonidine on emergence agitation and postoperative analgesia after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children: Randomised comparison of two doses. Indian J Anaesth. 2014 Nov-Dec;58(6):719-25. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.147163.
Sikich N, Lerman J Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology. 2004 May;100(5):1138-45.
Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S, Tait AR A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jun;96(6):1625-30, table of contents.
Zhang C, Hu J, Liu X, Yan J Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation in children under sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 16;9(6):e99718. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099718. eCollection 2014.
Emergence Delirium in Children: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Different Doses of Sevoflurane During Induction of Anesthesia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.