Degenerative Disc Disease — Stabilizing Training in Degenerative Disc Disease
Citation(s)
Altinkaya N, Cekinmez M Lumbar multifidus muscle changes in unilateral lumbar disc herniation using magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2016 Jan;45(1):73-7. doi: 10.1007/s00256-015-2252-z. Epub 2015 Sep 16.
Aluko A, DeSouza L, Peacock J The effect of core stability exercises on variations in acceleration of trunk movement, pain, and disability during an episode of acute nonspecific low back pain: a pilot clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 Oct;36(8):497-504.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.12.012. Epub 2013 Aug 12.
Baek SO, Cho HK, Jung GS, Son SM, Cho YW, Ahn SH Verification of an optimized stimulation point on the abdominal wall for transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for activation of deep lumbar stabilizing muscles. Spine J. 2014 Sep 1;14(9):2178-83. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.02.016. Epub 2014 Feb 14.
Capra F, Vanti C, Donati R, Tombetti S, O'Reilly C, Pillastrini P Validity of the straight-leg raise test for patients with sciatic pain with or without lumbar pain using magnetic resonance imaging results as a reference standard. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011 May;34(4):231-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.04.010. Epub 2011 May 5.
Dagenais S, Mayer J, Haldeman S, Borg-Stein J Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with prolotherapy. Spine J. 2008 Jan-Feb;8(1):203-12. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.021. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
