Deformity — Evaluation of the Acceptability and Safety of the ShangRing Device for Male Circumcision in Shinyanga, Tanzania
Citation(s)
Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med. 2005 Nov;2(11):e298. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298. Epub 2005 Oct 25. Erratum In: PLoS Med. 2006 May;3(5):e298.
Barone MA LP, Zulu R, Awori QD, et al A Field Study of Male Circumcision Using the Shang Ring, a Minimally Invasive Disposable Device, in Routine Clinical Settings in Kenya and Zambia. 7th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2013.
Barone MA, Li PS, Awori QD, Lee R, Goldstein M Clinical trials using the Shang Ring device for male circumcision in Africa: a review. Transl Androl Urol. 2014 Mar;3(1):113-24. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.01.09.
Bratt JH, Zyambo Z Comparing direct costs of facility-based Shang Ring provision versus a standard surgical technique for voluntary medical male circumcision in Zambia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 Jul 1;63(3):e109-12. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828e9526.
Kigozi G, Musoke R, Kighoma NGR The acceptability and safety of the ShangRing for adolescent male circumcision in Rakai, Uganda. International AIDS Society Conference; 2014; Melbourne, Australia. TUPE148 p.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
