Cushing Syndrome — Alterations of Muscle Secretome Associated With Muscle Atrophy Caused by Glucocorticoids
Citation(s)
Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mourtzakis M, Gioulbasanis I, Antoun S Body composition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a contemporary view of cancer cachexia with the use of computed tomography image analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):1133S-113
Hu Z, Wang H, Lee IH, Du J, Mitch WE Endogenous glucocorticoids and impaired insulin signaling are both required to stimulate muscle wasting under pathophysiological conditions in mice. J Clin Invest. 2009 Oct;119(10):3059-69. doi: 10.1172/JCI38770. Epub
Pedersen BK Muscle as a secretory organ. Compr Physiol. 2013 Jul;3(3):1337-62. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c120033. Review.
Piccoli A Patterns of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis: learning from electrocardiography and forgetting electric circuit models. Nutrition. 2002 Jun;18(6):520-1.
Schakman O, Kalista S, Barbé C, Loumaye A, Thissen JP Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013 Oct;45(10):2163-72. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.036. Epub 2013 Jun 24. Review.
Stastna M, Van Eyk JE Secreted proteins as a fundamental source for biomarker discovery. Proteomics. 2012 Feb;12(4-5):722-35. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201100346. Epub 2012 Jan 19. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
