Falanga V Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot. Lancet. 2005 Nov 12;366(9498):1736-43. Review.
Got I [Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2): advantages and limitations]. Diabetes Metab. 1998 Sep;24(4):379-84. Review. French.
Hirsch AT, Hartman L, Town RJ, Virnig BA National health care costs of peripheral arterial disease in the Medicare population. Vasc Med. 2008 Aug;13(3):209-15. doi: 10.1177/1358863X08089277.
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM Jr, White CJ, White J, White RA, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American Association for Vascular Surgery ; Society for Vascular Surgery.; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions.; Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology.; Society of Interventional Radiology.; ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines.; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.; Society for Vascular Nursing.; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus.; Vascular Disease Foundation.. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Mar 21;47(6):1239-312.
Jakobsson A, Nilsson GE Prediction of sampling depth and photon pathlength in laser Doppler flowmetry. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1993 May;31(3):301-7.
Mosely LH, Finseth F Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand. Hand. 1977 Jun;9(2):97-101.
Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG; TASC II Working Group , Bell K, Caporusso J, Durand-Zaleski I, Komori K, Lammer J, Liapis C, Novo S, Razavi M, Robbs J, Schaper N, Shigematsu H, Sapoval M, White C, White J, Clement D, Creager M, Jaff M, Mohler E 3rd, Rutherford RB, Sheehan P, Sillesen H, Rosenfield K. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33 Suppl 1:S1-75. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
Ouriel K Peripheral arterial disease. Lancet. 2001 Oct 13;358(9289):1257-64. Review.
Prahl, S A., Keijzer, M., Jacques, S. L. & Welch, A. J., SPIE Proceedings of Dosimetry of Laser Radiation in Medicine and Biology. 102-111 (Proc. SPIE IS 5, 1989).
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
