Ambrosino N, Makhabah DN Comprehensive physiotherapy management in ARDS. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013 May;79(5):554-63. Epub 2013 Jan 10.
Barnato AE, Albert SM, Angus DC, Lave JR, Degenholtz HB Disability among elderly survivors of mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr 15;183(8):1037-42. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201002-0301OC. Epub 2010 Nov 5.
Berney S, Haines K, Skinner EH, Denehy L Safety and feasibility of an exercise prescription approach to rehabilitation across the continuum of care for survivors of critical illness. Phys Ther. 2012 Dec;92(12):1524-35. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110406. Epub 2012 Aug 9.
Borg G Ratings of perceived exertion and heart rates during short-term cycle exercise and their use in a new cycling strength test. Int J Sports Med. 1982 Aug;3(3):153-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1026080.
Condessa RL, Brauner JS, Saul AL, Baptista M, Silva AC, Vieira SR Inspiratory muscle training did not accelerate weaning from mechanical ventilation but did improve tidal volume and maximal respiratory pressures: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2013 Jun;59(2):101-7. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70162-0.
Elkins M, Dentice R Inspiratory muscle training facilitates weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2015 Jul;61(3):125-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.016. Epub 2015 Jun 16.
Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010 Oct 27;304(16):1787-94. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1553.
Kress JP, Hall JB ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 24;370(17):1626-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1209390. No abstract available.
Kress JP, Herridge MS Medical and economic implications of physical disability of survivorship. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Aug;33(4):339-47. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1321983. Epub 2012 Aug 8.
Skinner EH, Berney S, Warrillow S, Denehy L Development of a physical function outcome measure (PFIT) and a pilot exercise training protocol for use in intensive care. Crit Care Resusc. 2009 Jun;11(2):110-5.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
