Critical Care — Bilateral Internal Jugular Veins Ultrasound Scanning Prior to CVC Placement
Citation(s)
Airapetian N, Maizel J, Langelle F, Modeliar SS, Karakitsos D, Dupont H, Slama M Ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation is superior to quick-look ultrasound and landmark methods among inexperienced operators: a prospective randomized study. Intensive Care Med. 2013 Nov;39(11):1938-44. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3072-z. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, Schick G, Smith AF Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;1:CD011447. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011447. Review.
Cartier V, Haenny A, Inan C, Walder B, Zingg W No association between ultrasound-guided insertion of central venous catheters and bloodstream infection: a prospective observational study. J Hosp Infect. 2014 Jun;87(2):103-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
Goel S, Majhi S, Panigrahi B Unexpected detection of internal jugular vein thrombus during ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011 Oct;25(5):e36-7. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.03.177. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
Maecken T, Marcon C, Bomas S, Zenz M, Grau T Relationship of the internal jugular vein to the common carotid artery: implications for ultrasound-guided vascular access. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 May;28(5):351-5. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328341a492.
Ozbek S, Apiliogullari S, Kivrak AS, Kara I, Saltali AO Relationship between the right internal jugular vein and carotid artery at ipsilateral head rotation. Ren Fail. 2013;35(5):761-5. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2013.789970. Epub 2013 May 7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
