Caputo ND, Strayer RJ, Levitan R Early Self-Proning in Awake, Non-intubated Patients in the Emergency Department: A Single ED's Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 May;27(5):375-378. doi: 10.1111/acem.13994.
Ding L, Wang L, Ma W, He H Efficacy and safety of early prone positioning combined with HFNC or NIV in moderate to severe ARDS: a multi-center prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2020 Jan 30;24(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2738-5.
Taylor SP, Bundy H, Smith WM, Skavroneck S, Taylor B, Kowalkowski MA Awake Prone Positioning Strategy for Nonintubated Hypoxic Patients with COVID-19: A Pilot Trial with Embedded Implementation Evaluation. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Aug;18(8):1360-1368. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202009-1164OC.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected: Interim guidance. World Health Organization, 1-10. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-332299
Non-ventilated Prone Positioning in the COVID-19 Population
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
