Covid19 — Digital Acoustic Surveillance for Early Detection of Respiratory Disease Outbreaks
Citation(s)
Chowdhury R, Luhar S, Khan N, Choudhury SR, Matin I, Franco OH Long-term strategies to control COVID-19 in low and middle-income countries: an options overview of community-based, non-pharmacological interventions. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020 Aug;35(8):743-748. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00660-1. Epub 2020 Jul 13.
Kim GU, Kim MJ, Ra SH, Lee J, Bae S, Jung J, Kim SH Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jul;26(7):948.e1-948.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.040. Epub 2020 May 1.
Naseem M, Akhund R, Arshad H, Ibrahim MT Exploring the Potential of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Combat COVID-19 and Existing Opportunities for LMIC: A Scoping Review. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020 Jan-Dec;11:2150132720963634. doi: 10.1177/2150132720963634. Review.
Rasheed J, Jamil A, Hameed AA, Aftab U, Aftab J, Shah SA, Draheim D A survey on artificial intelligence approaches in supporting frontline workers and decision makers for the COVID-19 pandemic. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020 Dec;141:110337. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110337. Epub 2020 Oct 10. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
