COVID-19 — Insulin Regulation and Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome COVID-19 Infection
Citation(s)
Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Sep;8(9):782-792. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2. Epub 2020 Jul 17. Erratum In: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Oct;8(10):e5. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Nov;8(11):e6.
Espinosa OA, Zanetti ADS, Antunes EF, Longhi FG, Matos TA, Battaglini PF Prevalence of comorbidities in patients and mortality cases affected by SARS-CoV2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020 Jun 22;62:e43. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946202062043. eCollection 2020.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
