COVID-19 — Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Two Chilean Universities
Citation(s)
Bar-Zeev Y, Shauly M, Lee H, Neumark Y Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 17;18(4). pii: 1931. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041931.
Daly M, Robinson E High-Risk Drinking in Midlife Before Versus During the COVID-19 Crisis: Longitudinal Evidence From the United Kingdom. Am J Prev Med. 2021 Feb;60(2):294-297. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.004. Epub 2020 Nov 21.
Glowacz F, Schmits E Psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown: The young adults most at risk. Psychiatry Res. 2020 Nov;293:113486. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113486. Epub 2020 Sep 25.
Jackson SE, Garnett C, Shahab L, Oldham M, Brown J Association of the COVID-19 lockdown with smoking, drinking and attempts to quit in England: an analysis of 2019-20 data. Addiction. 2021 May;116(5):1233-1244. doi: 10.1111/add.15295. Epub 2020 Nov 26.
Rossow I, Bye EK, Moan IS, Kilian C, Bramness JG Changes in Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic-Small Change in Total Consumption, but Increase in Proportion of Heavy Drinkers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 16;18(8). pii: 4231. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084231.
Winkler P, Formanek T, Mlada K, Kagstrom A, Mohrova Z, Mohr P, Csemy L Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020 Sep 29;29:e173. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000888.
Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Two Chilean Universities: a Difference-in-difference Analysis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
