Covid19 — Tobacco Use and COVID-19 Incidence in the Finnish General Population
Citation(s)
Bar-Zeev Y Commentary on Simons et al. Public health implications of the suggested association between nicotine, smoking and infection with SARS-CoV-2. Addiction. 2021 Jun;116(6):1369-1370. doi: 10.1111/add.15356. Epub 2020 Dec 25.
Simons D, Shahab L, Brown J, Perski O The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: a living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta-analyses (version 7). Addiction. 2021 Jun;116(6):1319-1368. doi: 10.1111/add.15276. Epub 2020 Nov 17. Review.
Tattan-Birch H, Marsden J, West R, Gage SH Assessing and addressing collider bias in addiction research: the curious case of smoking and COVID-19. Addiction. 2021 May;116(5):982-984. doi: 10.1111/add.15348. Epub 2021 Jan 20.
Vardavas CI, Nikitara K COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis. 2020 Mar 20;18:20. doi: 10.18332/tid/119324. eCollection 2020.
Tobacco Use and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Finnish General Population
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
