Cytokine Storm, COVID-19 — Cytokine Storm Among Bangladeshi Patients With COVID-19
Citation(s)
Borthwick LA The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Semin Immunopathol. 2016 Jul;38(4):517-34. doi: 10.1007/s00281-016-0559-z. Epub 2016 Mar 21. Review.
Fu B, Xu X, Wei H Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19? J Transl Med. 2020 Apr 14;18(1):164. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02339-3.
He Y, Wang J, Li F, Shi Y Main Clinical Features of COVID-19 and Potential Prognostic and Therapeutic Value of the Microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Microbiol. 2020 Jun 5;11:1302. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01302. eCollection 2020. Review.
IEDCR COVID-19: Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research; 2020 [Available from: https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/website/index.php/component/content/article/73-ncov-2019.
Irving K Acute phase reactants: UpToDate; 2020 [Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants?search=acute%20phase%20reactants&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1.
Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Conti P Mast cells contribute to coronavirus-induced inflammation: new anti-inflammatory strategy. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 January-February,;34(1):9-14. doi: 10.23812/20-Editorial-Kritas.
library Phi COVID-19: Centers for Didease Control and Prevention 2020 [Available from: https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=23313.
Liévin-Le Moal V, Servin AL The front line of enteric host defense against unwelcome intrusion of harmful microorganisms: mucins, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiota. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Apr;19(2):315-37. Review.
Medicine BSo COVID-19 management guideline-Bangladesh Model. Dhaka, Bangladesh2020
Medicine JHU COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins 2020 [Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
Meyer NJ, Calfee CS Novel translational approaches to the search for precision therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2017 Jun;5(6):512-523. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30187-X. Epub 2017 May 26. Review.
Monteagudo LA, Boothby A, Gertner E Continuous Intravenous Anakinra Infusion to Calm the Cytokine Storm in Macrophage Activation Syndrome. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2020 May;2(5):276-282. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11135. Epub 2020 Apr 21.
Organization WH Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
Organization WH Use of chest imaging in COVID-19 11 June 2020.
Salzman NH, Underwood MA, Bevins CL Paneth cells, defensins, and the commensal microbiota: a hypothesis on intimate interplay at the intestinal mucosa. Semin Immunol. 2007 Apr;19(2):70-83. Epub 2007 May 7. Review.
Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P, Tabak F, Atagündüz I, Kayhan S Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Jul;39(7):2085-2094. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05190-5. Epub 2020 May 30.
Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014 Sep 4;6(10):a016295. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295. Review.
Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, Rice S, Rosen H, Oldstone MB Mapping the innate signaling cascade essential for cytokine storm during influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Mar 11;111(10):3799-804. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400593111. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
Tufan A, Avanoglu Güler A, Matucci-Cerinic M COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turk J Med Sci. 2020 Apr 21;50(SI-1):620-632. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-168. Review.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020 Apr 7;323(13):1239-1242.
Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020 Jun;80(6):607-613. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037. Epub 2020 Apr 10. Review.
Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105954. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.