Cough — Extubation in Pediatric Patients: Proactive or Passive?
Citation(s)
Bidwai AV, Bidwai VA, Rogers CR, Stanley TH Blood-pressure and pulse-rate responses to endotracheal extubation with and without prior injection of lidocaine. Anesthesiology. 1979 Aug;51(2):171-3. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197908000-00020. No abstract available.
Fan Q, Hu C, Ye M, Shen X Dexmedetomidine for tracheal extubation in deeply anesthetized adult patients after otologic surgery: a comparison with remifentanil. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015 Jul 23;15:106. doi: 10.1186/s12871-015-0088-7.
Inomata S, Yaguchi Y, Taguchi M, Toyooka H End-tidal sevoflurane concentration for tracheal extubation (MACEX) in adults: comparison with isoflurane. Br J Anaesth. 1999 Jun;82(6):852-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/82.6.852.
Tsukamoto M, Hitosugi T, Yokoyama T Comparison of recovery in pediatric patients: a retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Sep;23(9):3653-3656. doi: 10.1007/s00784-019-02993-y. Epub 2019 Jul 4.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
