Liu B, Zhang Y, Jia N, Lan M, Du L, Zhao D, He Q Study of the Safety of Extracorporeal Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy: Observation of the Ultrastructures in Myocardial Cells by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Jan;23(1):79-
Qiu Q, Shen T, Wang Q, Yu X, Jia N, He Q Cardiac shock wave therapy protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced injury by modulating miR-210. Mol Med Rep. 2020 Feb;21(2):631-640. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10892. Epub 2019 Dec 18.
Yu W, Shen T, Liu B, Wang S, Li J, Dai D, Cai J, He Q Cardiac shock wave therapy attenuates H9c2 myoblast apoptosis by activating the AKT signal pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2014;33(5):1293-303. doi: 10.1159/000358697. Epub 2014 Apr 28.
Zhang Y, Shen T, Liu B, Dai D, Cai J, Zhao C, Du L, Jia N, He Q Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy Attenuates Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;49(5):1734-1746. doi: 10.1159/000493616. Epub 2018 Sep 24.
Implication of Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy on Coronary Artery Disease Patients - An Observational Long-term Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
