Coronary Artery Disease — Peripheral Stimulation Device to Improve Coronary Flow Reserve in Coronary Artery Disease
Citation(s)
Akhtar M, Wu GF, Du ZM, Zheng ZS, Michaels AD Effect of external counterpulsation on plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1 levels. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 1;98(1):28-30. Epub 2006 May 3.
Gould KL, Lipscomb K Effects of coronary stenoses on coronary flow reserve and resistance. Am J Cardiol. 1974 Jul;34(1):48-55.
Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ Assessment of endothelial function using digital pulse amplitude tonometry. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2009 Jan;19(1):6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.03.001. Review.
Michaels AD, Accad M, Ports TA, Grossman W Left ventricular systolic unloading and augmentation of intracoronary pressure and Doppler flow during enhanced external counterpulsation. Circulation. 2002 Sep 3;106(10):1237-42.
Yang DY, Wu GF Vasculoprotective properties of enhanced external counterpulsation for coronary artery disease: beyond the hemodynamics. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jun 5;166(1):38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.003. Epub 2012 May 4. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
