Al-Moujahed A, Chodosh J Outcomes of an algorithmic approach to treating mild ocular alkali burns. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015 Oct;133(10):1214-6. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2302. No abstract available.
Bara JJ, Richards RG, Alini M, Stoddart MJ Concise review: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells change phenotype following in vitro culture: implications for basic research and the clinic. Stem Cells. 2014 Jul;32(7):1713-23. doi: 10.1002/stem.1649.
Cook N, Hansen AR, Siu LL, Abdul Razak AR Early phase clinical trials to identify optimal dosing and safety. Mol Oncol. 2015 May;9(5):997-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.025. Epub 2014 Aug 14.
Ghazaryan E, Zhang Y, He Y, Liu X, Li Y, Xie J, Su G Mesenchymal stem cells in corneal neovascularization: Comparison of different application routes. Mol Med Rep. 2016 Oct;14(4):3104-12. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5621. Epub 2016 Aug 11.
Li F, Zhao SZ Control of Cross Talk between Angiogenesis and Inflammation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ocular Surface Diseases. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:7961816. doi: 10.1155/2016/7961816. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Ma Y, Xu Y, Xiao Z, Yang W, Zhang C, Song E, Du Y, Li L Reconstruction of chemically burned rat corneal surface by bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2006 Feb;24(2):315-21. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0046. Epub 2005 Aug 18.
Oh JY, Kim MK, Shin MS, Lee HJ, Ko JH, Wee WR, Lee JH The anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic role of mesenchymal stem cells in corneal wound healing following chemical injury. Stem Cells. 2008 Apr;26(4):1047-55. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0737. Epub 2008 Jan 10.
Prockop DJ, Oh JY Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs): role as guardians of inflammation. Mol Ther. 2012 Jan;20(1):14-20. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.211. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
Roddy GW, Oh JY, Lee RH, Bartosh TJ, Ylostalo J, Coble K, Rosa RH Jr, Prockop DJ Action at a distance: systemically administered adult stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) reduce inflammatory damage to the cornea without engraftment and primarily by secretion of TNF-alpha stimulated gene/protein 6. Stem Cells. 2011 Oct;29(10):1572-9. doi: 10.1002/stem.708.
Sacchetti M, Lambiase A Diagnosis and management of neurotrophic keratitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014 Mar 19;8:571-9. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S45921. eCollection 2014.
Stevens S Administering a subconjunctival injection. Community Eye Health. 2009 Mar;22(69):15. No abstract available.
U S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Considerations for the Design of Early-Phase Clinical Trials of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products,. Accessed September 26, 2017. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/UCM564952.pdf
Wang LT, Ting CH, Yen ML, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Wu KK, Yen BL Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treatment towards immune- and inflammation-mediated diseases: review of current clinical trials. J Biomed Sci. 2016 Nov 4;23(1):76. doi: 10.1186/s12929-016-0289-5.
Ye J, Yao K, Kim JC Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a rabbit corneal alkali burn model: engraftment and involvement in wound healing. Eye (Lond). 2006 Apr;20(4):482-90. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701913.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.