Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease — The Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Warm-Up in Patients With COPD
Citation(s)
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Özdal M Acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up on pulmonary function in healthy subjects. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2016 Jun 15;227:23-6. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.02.006. Epub 2016 Feb 21.
Ross EZ, Nowicky AV, McConnell AK Influence of acute inspiratory loading upon diaphragm motor-evoked potentials in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 May;102(5):1883-90. Epub 2007 Jan 18.
Volianitis S, McConnell AK, Jones DA Assessment of maximum inspiratory pressure. Prior submaximal respiratory muscle activity ('warm-up') enhances maximum inspiratory activity and attenuates the learning effect of repeated measurement. Respiration. 2001;68(1):22-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
