Baqir W, Learoyd T, Sim A, Todd A Cost analysis of a community pharmacy 'minor ailment scheme' across three primary care trusts in the North East of England. J Public Health (Oxf). 2011 Dec;33(4):551-5. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr012. Epub 2011 Feb 21.
Baskerville NB, Liddy C, Hogg W Systematic review and meta-analysis of practice facilitation within primary care settings. Ann Fam Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;10(1):63-74. doi: 10.1370/afm.1312.
Curran GM, Bauer M, Mittman B, Pyne JM, Stetler C Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact. Med Care. 2012 Mar;50(3):217-26. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182408812.
Fuller JM, Saini B, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Garcia Cardenas V, Benrimoj SI, Armour C Testing evidence routine practice: Using an implementation framework to embed a clinically proven asthma service in Australian community pharmacy. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2017 Sep-Oct;13(5):989-996. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.05.019. Epub 2017 May 30.
Hassell K, Whittington Z, Cantrill J, Bates F, Rogers A, Noyce P Managing demand: transfer of management of self limiting conditions from general practice to community pharmacies. BMJ. 2001 Jul 21;323(7305):146-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.323.7305.146. No abstract available.
Moullin JC, Sabater-Hernandez D, Benrimoj SI Model for the evaluation of implementation programs and professional pharmacy services. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2016 May-Jun;12(3):515-22. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.08.003. Epub 2015 Aug 15.
Noseworthy J Minor ailments across Canadian jurisdictions. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2013 Sep;146(5):296-8. doi: 10.1177/1715163513502297. No abstract available.
Paudyal V, Hansford D, Cunningham S, Stewart D Pharmacy assisted patient self care of minor ailments: a chronological review of UK health policy documents and key events 1997-2010. Health Policy. 2011 Aug;101(3):253-9. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.05.010. Epub 2011 Jun 15.
Pumtong S, Boardman HF, Anderson CW A multi-method evaluation of the Pharmacy First Minor Ailments scheme. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011 Jun;33(3):573-81. doi: 10.1007/s11096-011-9513-2. Epub 2011 Apr 28.
Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIH roadmap. JAMA. 2007 Jan 24;297(4):403-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.4.403. No abstract available.
Implementation, Integration and Sustainability of a Minor Ailment Service in Usual Practice of Community Pharmacy
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
