Gard A, Tegner Y, Bakhsheshi MF, Marklund N Selective head-neck cooling after concussion shortens return-to-play in ice hockey players. Concussion. 2021 Apr 15;6(2):CNC90. doi: 10.2217/cnc-2021-0002.
Gibson S, Nigrovic LE, O'Brien M, Meehan WP 3rd The effect of recommending cognitive rest on recovery from sport-related concussion. Brain Inj. 2013;27(7-8):839-42. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2013.775494. Epub 2013 Jun 12.
King K, Hume PA, Hind K, Clark T Effect of Selective Head-Neck Cooling on Signs and Symptoms of Sport Originated Brain Injury in Amateur Sports: A Pilot Study. BJSTR 21(4):16062-70
Sahuquillo J, Vilalta A Cooling the injured brain: how does moderate hypothermia influence the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(22):2310-22. doi: 10.2174/138161207781368756.
Vollmer BL, Kirkwood MW, Comstock RD, Currie D, Grubenhoff JA Assessing the Clinical Utility of the Question, "Is Your Child/Are You Back to Normal?" in Pediatric Concussion Symptom Resolution. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2018 Feb;57(2):146-151. doi: 10.1177/0009922817693300. Epub 2017 Feb 15.
Head and Neck Cooling as an Emergency Department Therapy to Decrease Progression of Concussive Symptoms
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
