Complete Locked-in State — Brain Computer Interface Complete locked-in State Communication
Citation(s)
Birbaumer N, Cohen LG Brain-computer interfaces: communication and restoration of movement in paralysis. J Physiol. 2007 Mar 15;579(Pt 3):621-36. Epub 2007 Jan 18. Review.
Birbaumer N Breaking the silence: brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control. Psychophysiology. 2006 Nov;43(6):517-32. Review.
Chaudhary U, Birbaumer N, Curado MR Brain-machine interface (BMI) in paralysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015 Feb;58(1):9-13. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.11.002. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
Farwell LA, Donchin E Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1988 Dec;70(6):510-23.
Kübler A, Birbaumer N Brain-computer interfaces and communication in paralysis: extinction of goal directed thinking in completely paralysed patients? Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Nov;119(11):2658-66. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.06.019. Epub 2008 Sep 27.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
