Community Dwelling Older Adults — Normative Values of the Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go Test
Citation(s)
Carling A, Forsberg A, Nilsagård Y "Berg Balance Scale" and "Timed Up and Go" discriminates between fallers and non-fallers, in people with MS. InSixth International Symposium on Gait and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis, Portland, OR, US, and September 9-10, 2016 2016.
Downs S, Marquez J, Chiarelli P Normative scores on the Berg Balance Scale decline after age 70 years in healthy community-dwelling people: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2014 Jun;60(2):85-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2014.01.002. Epub 2014 Jun 13. Review.
Herman T, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM Properties of the 'timed up and go' test: more than meets the eye. Gerontology. 2011;57(3):203-10. doi: 10.1159/000314963. Epub 2010 May 20.
Ibrahim A, Singh DKA, Shahar S 'Timed Up and Go' test: Age, gender and cognitive impairment stratified normative values of older adults. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 3;12(10):e0185641. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185641. eCollection 2017.
Muir SW, Berg K, Chesworth B, Speechley M Use of the Berg Balance Scale for predicting multiple falls in community-dwelling elderly people: a prospective study. Phys Ther. 2008 Apr;88(4):449-59. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20070251. Epub 2008 Jan 24.
Patterson KK, Inness E, McIlroy WE, Mansfield A A Retrospective Analysis of Post-Stroke Berg Balance Scale Scores: How Should Normal and At-Risk Scores Be Interpreted? Physiother Can. 2017;69(2):142-149. doi: 10.3138/ptc.2015-73.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
