Kehlet H, Wilmore DW Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg. 2008 Aug;248(2):189-98. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31817f2c1a.
Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: A Review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Mar 1;152(3):292-298. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952.
Park JS, Choi GS, Kim HJ, Park SY, Jun SH Natural orifice specimen extraction versus conventional laparoscopically assisted right hemicolectomy. Br J Surg. 2011 May;98(5):710-5. doi: 10.1002/bjs.7419. Epub 2011 Feb 8.
Saad S, Hosogi H Natural orifice specimen extraction for avoiding laparotomy in laparoscopic left colon resections: a new approach using the McCartney tube and the tilt top anvil technique. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010 Oct;20(8):689-92. doi: 10.1089/lap.2010.0303.
Salamanca IMG, Jaime MTE, Penco JMM, Martinez JS Role of Peritoneal Cytology in Patients with Early Stage Colorectal Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res. 2020 Apr;26(2):1325-1329. doi: 10.1007/s12253-019-00706-0. Epub 2019 Aug 10.
Senft JD, Droscher T, Gath P, Muller PC, Billeter A, Muller-Stich BP, Linke GR Inflammatory response and peritoneal contamination after transrectal natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) versus mini-laparotomy: a porcine in vivo study. Surg Endosc. 2018 Mar;32(3):1336-1343. doi: 10.1007/s00464-017-5811-7. Epub 2017 Aug 25.
Wolthuis AM, de Buck van Overstraeten A, Fieuws S, Boon K, D'Hoore A Standardized laparoscopic NOSE-colectomy is feasible with low morbidity. Surg Endosc. 2015 May;29(5):1167-73. doi: 10.1007/s00464-014-3784-3. Epub 2014 Aug 23. Erratum In: Surg Endosc. 2015 May;29(5):1174.
Zhou ZQ, Wang K, Du T, Gao W, Zhu Z, Jiang Q, Ji F, Fu CG Transrectal Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction (NOSE) With Oncological Safety: A Prospective and Randomized Trial. J Surg Res. 2020 Oct;254:16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.064. Epub 2020 May 8.
Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction Surgery for Colorectal Cancer (NOSE for CRC)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.