Colorectal Cancer — The Purpose of This Study is to Determine the Frequency of Colorectal Cancer in Male and Female Endurance Athletes Between the Ages of 35 and 50
Casey E, Mistry DJ, MacKnight JM Training room management of medical conditions: sports gastroenterology. Clin Sports Med. 2005 Jul;24(3):525-40, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2005.05.002.
Clausen JP Effect of physical training on cardiovascular adjustments to exercise in man. Physiol Rev. 1977 Oct;57(4):779-815. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1977.57.4.779. No abstract available.
Cong YJ, Gan Y, Sun HL, Deng J, Cao SY, Xu X, Lu ZX Association of sedentary behaviour with colon and rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Cancer. 2014 Feb 4;110(3):817-26. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.709. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
de Oliveira EP, Burini RC The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Sep;12(5):533-8. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832e6776.
Porter AM Do some marathon runners bleed into the gut? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Nov 12;287(6403):1427. doi: 10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1427. No abstract available.
Sanchez LD, Tracy JA, Berkoff D, Pedrosa I Ischemic colitis in marathon runners: a case-based review. J Emerg Med. 2006 Apr;30(3):321-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.05.021.
Steiner P When suspected 'runner's colitis' in a marathon runner turns out to be cancer-and in the end leads to a new personal best marathon time. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Mar;54(5):311-312. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100675. Epub 2019 Aug 2. No abstract av
Thomas RJ, Kenfield SA, Jimenez A Exercise-induced biochemical changes and their potential influence on cancer: a scientific review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Apr;51(8):640-644. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096343. Epub 2016 Dec 19.
Tomasetti C, Li L, Vogelstein B Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention. Science. 2017 Mar 24;355(6331):1330-1334. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf9011.
Xu G, Lin W, McAinch AJ, Yan X, Weng X Identification of Urinary Biomarkers for Exercise-Induced Immunosuppression by iTRAQ Proteomics. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Jan 23;2020:3030793. doi: 10.1155/2020/3030793. eCollection 2020.
Measuring the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Young Endurance Athletes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
