Colonic Polyp — Abdominal Compression Administered Early by the Colonoscopist During Water Exchange Colonoscopy
Citation(s)
Cadoni S, Sanna S, Gallittu P, Argiolas M, Fanari V, Porcedda ML, Erriu M, Leung FW A randomized, controlled trial comparing real-time insertion pain during colonoscopy confirmed water exchange to be superior to water immersion in enhancing patient comfort. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 Mar;81(3):557-66. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.07.029. Epub 2014 Sep 26. Erratum in: Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 May;81(5):1303.
Hsieh YH, Koo M, Leung FW A patient-blinded randomized, controlled trial comparing air insufflation, water immersion, and water exchange during minimally sedated colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep;109(9):1390-400. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.126. Epub 2014 Jun 3.
Hsieh YH, Tseng CW, Hu CT, Koo M, Leung FW Prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing adenoma detection rate in colonoscopy using water exchange, water immersion, and air insufflation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Jul;86(1):192-201. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.12.005. Epub 2016 Dec 15.
Hsieh YH, Tseng KC, Chou AL Patient self-administered abdominal pressure to reduce loop formation during minimally sedated colonoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 May;55(5):1429-33. doi: 10.1007/s10620-009-0876-3. Epub 2009 Jul 7.
Lai EJ, Calderwood AH, Doros G, Fix OK, Jacobson BC The Boston bowel preparation scale: a valid and reliable instrument for colonoscopy-oriented research. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Mar;69(3 Pt 2):620-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.05.057. Epub 2009 Jan 10.
Leung JW, Thai A, Yen A, Ward G, Abramyan O, Lee J, Smith B, Leung F Magnetic endoscope imaging (ScopeGuide) elucidates the mechanism of action of the pain-alleviating impact of water exchange colonoscopy - attenuation of loop formation. J Interv Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;2(3):142-146. Epub 2012 Jul 1.
Rex DK, Goodwine BW Method of colonoscopy in 42 consecutive patients presenting after prior incomplete colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 May;97(5):1148-51.
Rex DK Water exchange vs. water immersion during colonoscope insertion. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep;109(9):1401-3. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.235.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.