Benzon HT, Chew TL, McCarthy RJ, Benzon HA, Walega DR Comparison of the particle sizes of different steroids and the effect of dilution: a review of the relative neurotoxicities of the steroids. Anesthesiology. 2007 Feb;106(2):331-8.
Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G Orthopaedic surgery in the elderly. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2003 Jun;17(2):235-44. Review.
Buckingham JC Stress and the hypothalamo-pituitary-immune axis. Int J Tissue React. 1998;20(1):23-34. Review.
Desborough JP The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Jul;85(1):109-17. Review.
Dong Y, Zhang X, Tang F, Tian X, Zhao Y, Zhang F Intrathecal injection with methotrexate plus dexamethasone in the treatment of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med J (Engl). 2001 Jul;114(7):764-6.
Huang YF, Liang J, Shyu YL Number of Comorbidities Negatively Influence Psychological Outcomes of the Elderly Following Hip Fracture in Taiwan. J Aging Health. 2016 Dec;28(8):1343-1361. doi: 10.1177/0898264315618922. Epub 2016 Jul 8.
Kehlet H Manipulation of the metabolic response in clinical practice. World J Surg. 2000 Jun;24(6):690-5. Review.
Kopacz DJ, Lacouture PG, Wu D, Nandy P, Swanton R, Landau C The dose response and effects of dexamethasone on bupivacaine microcapsules for intercostal blockade (T9 to T11) in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2003 Feb;96(2):576-82, table of contents.
Kroin JS, Schaefer RB, Penn RD Chronic intrathecal administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate: pharmacokinetics and neurotoxicity in an animal model. Neurosurgery. 2000 Jan;46(1):178-82; discussion 182-3.
Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev. 1984 Winter;5(1):25-44. Review.
Yao XL, Cowan MJ, Gladwin MT, Lawrence MM, Angus CW, Shelhamer JH Dexamethasone alters arachidonate release from human epithelial cells by induction of p11 protein synthesis and inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):17202-8.
Impact of Intrathecal Dexamethasone Administration for Elderly Patients With Proximal Femoral Fracture
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.