Claustrophobia — Comfort Talk and Economic Outcomes in MRI
Citation(s)
Ajam AA, Nguyen XV, Kelly RA, Ladapo JA, Lang EV Effects of Interpersonal Skills Training on MRI Operations in a Saturated Market: A Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 Jul;14(7):963-970. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.03.015. Epub 2017 Apr 28.
Flory N, Lang EV Distress in the radiology waiting room. Radiology. 2011 Jul;260(1):166-73. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11102211. Epub 2011 Apr 7.
Ladapo JA, Spritzer CE, Nguyen XV, Pool J, Lang E Economics of MRI Operations After Implementation of Interpersonal Skills Training. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Dec;15(12):1775-1783. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.01.017. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
Lang EV, Rosen MP Cost analysis of adjunct hypnosis with sedation during outpatient interventional radiologic procedures. Radiology. 2002 Feb;222(2):375-82.
Lang EV, Ward C, Laser E Effect of team training on patients' ability to complete MRI examinations. Acad Radiol. 2010 Jan;17(1):18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.002. Epub 2009 Sep 5.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
