Circulating Tumor Cells — Aspirin on CTCs of Advanced Breast and Colorectal Cancer
Citation(s)
Ksiazkiewicz M, Markiewicz A, Zaczek AJ Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a hallmark in metastasis formation linking circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells. Pathobiology. 2012;79(4):195-208. doi: 10.1159/000337106. Epub 2012 Apr 4. Review.
Maity G, De A, Das A, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, Banerjee SK Aspirin blocks growth of breast tumor cells and tumor-initiating cells and induces reprogramming factors of mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Lab Invest. 2015 Jul;95(7):702-17. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.49. Epub 2015 Apr 13.
Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF, Belch JF, Meade TW, Mehta Z Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: a study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2012 Apr 28;379(9826):1591-601. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8. Epub 2012 Mar 21.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
