Figueiro MG, Lesniak NZ, Rea MS Implications of controlled short-wavelength light exposure for sleep in older adults. BMC Res Notes. 2011 Sep 8;4:334. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-334.
Fonken LK, Haim A, Nelson RJ Dim light at night increases immune function in Nile grass rats, a diurnal rodent. Chronobiol Int. 2012 Feb;29(1):26-34. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2011.635831. Erratum In: Chronobiol Int. 2012 May;29(4):530.
Gasparovic H, Burcar I, Kopjar T, Vojkovic J, Gabelica R, Biocina B, Jelic I NT-pro-BNP, but not C-reactive protein, is predictive of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 Jan;37(1):100-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.07.003. Epub 2009 Aug 18.
Joyeux-Faure M, Durand M, Bedague D, Protar D, Incagnoli P, Paris A, Ribuot C, Levy P, Chavanon O Evaluation of the effect of one large dose of erythropoietin against cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury occurring during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Dec;26(6):761-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00992.x. Epub 2011 Sep 20.
Murkin JM, Newman SP, Stump DA, Blumenthal JA Statement of consensus on assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 May;59(5):1289-95. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00106-u. No abstract available.
Sasseville A, Hebert M Using blue-green light at night and blue-blockers during the day to improves adaptation to night work: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 1;34(7):1236-42. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.027. Epub 2010 Jul 3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
