Bandura A Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1986.
Barber JA, Thompson SG Analysis of cost data in randomized trials: an application of the non-parametric bootstrap. Stat Med. 2000 Dec 15;19(23):3219-36.
Benowitz NL, Schultz KE, Haller CA, Wu AH, Dains KM, Jacob P 3rd Prevalence of smoking assessed biochemically in an urban public hospital: a rationale for routine cotinine screening. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Oct 1;170(7):885-91. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp215. Epub 2009 Aug 27.
Briggs AH, O'Brien BJ, Blackhouse G Thinking outside the box: recent advances in the analysis and presentation of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness studies. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:377-401. Epub 2001 Oct 25. Review.
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Electronic Medical Records. http://search.cms.hhs.gov/search?q=electronic+medical+record&site=cms_collection&output=xml_no_dtd&client=cms_frontend&proxystylesheet=cms_frontend&oe=UTF-8&ie=UTF-8&ip=10.10.4.252&access=p&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&entqr=0&ud=1&start=10. Accessed January 12, 2010.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Nov 14;57(45):1221-6. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Nov 28;57(47):1281.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Reduced hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction after implementation of a smoke-free ordinance--City of Pueblo, Colorado, 2002-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Jan 2;57(51):1373-7. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Feb 6;58(4):91.
Connor Gorber S, Schofield-Hurwitz S, Hardt J, Levasseur G, Tremblay M The accuracy of self-reported smoking: a systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Jan;11(1):12-24. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntn010. Epub 2009 Jan 27. Review.
Doshi JA, Glick HA, Polsky D Analyses of cost data in economic evaluations conducted alongside randomized controlled trials. Value Health. 2006 Sep-Oct;9(5):334-40. Review.
Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et al Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service; 2008.
Glantz SA Meta-analysis of the effects of smokefree laws on acute myocardial infarction: an update. Prev Med. 2008 Oct;47(4):452-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.007. Epub 2008 Jun 18.
Katz A, Goldberg D, Smith J, Trick WE Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use among hospital patients: concurrent use and willingness to change. J Hosp Med. 2008 Sep;3(5):369-75. doi: 10.1002/jhm.358.
Kushniruk A, Patel V, Cimino JJ, Barrows RA Cognitive evaluation of the user interface and vocabulary of an outpatient information system. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996:22-6.
Lancaster T, Silagy C, Fowler G Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD000214. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD000214.
Liederman EM, Morefield CS Web messaging: a new tool for patient-physician communication. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003 May-Jun;10(3):260-70. Epub 2003 Jan 28.
Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, Seo HG, Moskowitz JM Effects of Web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009 May 25;169(10):929-37. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.109. Review. Erratum in: Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jul 13;169(13):1194.
Nagle AL, Hensley MJ, Schofield MJ, Koschel AJ A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a nurse-provided intervention for hospitalised smokers. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2005 Jun;29(3):285-91.
Rigotti NA, Munafo MR, Stead LF Smoking cessation interventions for hospitalized smokers: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Oct 13;168(18):1950-60. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.18.1950. Review.
Shahab L, McEwen A Online support for smoking cessation: a systematic review of the literature. Addiction. 2009 Nov;104(11):1792-804. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02710.x. Review.
Shields M Smoking-prevalence, bans and exposure to second-hand smoke. Health Rep. 2007 Aug;18(3):67-85.
Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ Personal health records: definitions, benefits, and strategies for overcoming barriers to adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):121-6. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
The Joint Commission Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals. http://www.jcrinc.com/Joint-Commission-Requirements/Hospitals/. Accessed January 13, 2010.
Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Wiggers J, Walsh RA, Bailey LJ Helping hospital patients quit: what the evidence supports and what guidelines recommend. Prev Med. 2008 Apr;46(4):346-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.003. Epub 2007 Dec 8. Review.
Web-based Smoking Cessation Intervention: Transition From Inpatient to Outpatient
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.