Chronic Stroke — Error-enhancement for Arm Rehabilitation Post Stroke
Citation(s)
Huang VS, Haith A, Mazzoni P, Krakauer JW Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models. Neuron. 2011 May 26;70(4):787-801. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.012.
Israely S, Leisman G, Carmeli E Improvement in Hand Trajectory of Reaching Movements by Error-Augmentation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1070:71-84. doi: 10.1007/5584_2018_151.
Kim RK, Kang N Bimanual Coordination Functions between Paretic and Nonparetic Arms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Feb;29(2):104544. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104544. Epub 2019 Dec 6.
Ward NS, Brander F, Kelly K Intensive upper limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke: outcomes from the Queen Square programme. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 May;90(5):498-506. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319954. Epub 2019 Feb 15.
Error-enhancement as Basis for Novel Upper Limb Rehabilitation in the Chronic Phase After Stroke: a 5-day Pre-post Intervention Study.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
