Chronic Periodontitis — Relationship Between Chronic Periodontitis and Vitamin D and Calcium in Men
Citation(s)
Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ [Calcium and vitamin D3, a prevention of femoral neck fractures in elderly women]. Presse Med. 1993 Apr 10;22(13):615-6. French.
Crowle AJ, Ross EJ, May MH Inhibition by 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 of the multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Infect Immun. 1987 Dec;55(12):2945-50.
Dennison DK, Van Dyke TE The acute inflammatory response and the role of phagocytic cells in periodontal health and disease. Periodontol 2000. 1997 Jun;14:54-78. Review.
Jeffcoat M The association between osteoporosis and oral bone loss. J Periodontol. 2005 Nov;76(11 Suppl):2125-32. Review.
Kinane DF Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2001;25:8-20. Review.
Liu H, Komai-Koma M, Xu D, Liew FY Toll-like receptor 2 signaling modulates the functions of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 2;103(18):7048-53. Epub 2006 Apr 21.
Ramanathan B, Davis EG, Ross CR, Blecha F Cathelicidins: microbicidal activity, mechanisms of action, and roles in innate immunity. Microbes Infect. 2002 Mar;4(3):361-72. Review.
Relationship Between Chronic Periodontitis and Vitamin D and Calcium in Men
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
