Chronic Pain — tDCS and Pain Associated With Diabetic Neuropathy
Citation(s)
Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJ Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2011 Oct;34(10):2220-4. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1108. Epub 2011 Aug 18.
Binns-Hall O, Selvarajah D, Sanger D, Walker J, Scott A, Tesfaye S One-stop microvascular screening service: an effective model for the early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the high-risk foot. Diabet Med. 2018 Jul;35(7):887-894. doi: 10.1111/dme.13630. Epub 2018 May 10.
Kim YJ, Ku J, Kim HJ, Im DJ, Lee HS, Han KA, Kang YJ Randomized, sham controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Ann Rehabil Med. 2013 Dec;37(6):766-76. doi: 10.5535/arm.2013.37.6.766. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
Van Acker K, Bouhassira D, De Bacquer D, Weiss S, Matthys K, Raemen H, Mathieu C, Colin IM Prevalence and impact on quality of life of peripheral neuropathy with or without neuropathic pain in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients attending hospital outpatients clinics. Diabetes Metab. 2009 Jun;35(3):206-13. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.11.004. Epub 2009 Mar 17.
Wu YJ, Lin CC, Yeh CM, Chien ME, Tsao MC, Tseng P, Huang CW, Hsu KS Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation improves cognitive dysfunction and synaptic plasticity deficit in the prefrontal cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Brain Stimul. 2017 Nov - Dec;10(6):1079-1087. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.08.007. Epub 2017 Aug 24.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
