Cervia LD, McGowan JP, Weseley AJ Clinical and demographic variables related to pain in HIV-infected individuals treated with effective, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Pain Med. 2010 Apr;11(4):498-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00802.x. Epub 2010 Mar 4.
Chen EK, Reid MC, Parker SJ, Pillemer K Tailoring evidence-based interventions for new populations: a method for program adaptation through community engagement. Eval Health Prof. 2013 Mar;36(1):73-92. doi: 10.1177/0163278712442536. Epub 2012 Apr 19.
Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS Chronic pain-associated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clin J Pain. 1997 Jun;13(2):116-37. doi: 10.1097/00002508-199706000-00006.
McCracken LM, Morley S The psychological flexibility model: a basis for integration and progress in psychological approaches to chronic pain management. J Pain. 2014 Mar;15(3):221-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.10.014.
McCracken LM, Vowles KE Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: model, process, and progress. Am Psychol. 2014 Feb-Mar;69(2):178-87. doi: 10.1037/a0035623.
Moitra E, Herbert JD, Forman EM Acceptance-based behavior therapy to promote HIV medication adherence. AIDS Care. 2011 Dec;23(12):1660-7. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.579945. Epub 2011 Jul 7.
Petkus AJ, M A, Wetherell JL Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Older Adults: Rationale and Considerations. Cogn Behav Pract. 2013 Feb;20(1):47-56. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.07.004.
Prevedini AB, Presti G, Rabitti E, Miselli G, Moderato P Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): the foundation of the therapeutic model and an overview of its contribution to the treatment of patients with chronic physical diseases. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2011 Jan-Mar;33(1 Suppl A):A53-63.
Shippy RA, Karpiak SE The aging HIV/AIDS population: fragile social networks. Aging Ment Health. 2005 May;9(3):246-54. doi: 10.1080/13607860412331336850.
Vijayaraghavan M, Freitas D, Bangsberg DR, Miaskowski C, Kushel MB Non-medical use of non-opioid psychotherapeutic medications in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Oct 1;143:263-7. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.044. Epub 2014 Jul 27.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
