Carter MW, Yang BK, Davenport M, Kabel A Increasing Rates of Opioid Misuse Among Older Adults Visiting Emergency Departments. Innov Aging. 2019 Mar 7;3(1):igz002. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igz002. eCollection 2019 Jan.
Guerriero F Guidance on opioids prescribing for the management of persistent non-cancer pain in older adults. World J Clin Cases. 2017 Mar 16;5(3):73-81. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v5.i3.73.
Huhn AS, Strain EC, Tompkins DA, Dunn KE A hidden aspect of the U.S. opioid crisis: Rise in first-time treatment admissions for older adults with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Dec 1;193:142-147. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.002. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
Kuerbis A, Sacco P, Blazer DG, Moore AA Substance abuse among older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Aug;30(3):629-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.008. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
Lewis ET, Cucciare MA, Trafton JA What do patients do with unused opioid medications? Clin J Pain. 2014 Aug;30(8):654-62. doi: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000435447.96642.f4.
Schultz SK, Arndt S, Liesveld J Locations of facilities with special programs for older substance abuse clients in the US. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;18(9):839-43. doi: 10.1002/gps.994.
West NA, Severtson SG, Green JL, Dart RC Trends in abuse and misuse of prescription opioids among older adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Apr 1;149:117-21. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.027. Epub 2015 Jan 31.
Wu LT, Blazer DG Illicit and nonmedical drug use among older adults: a review. J Aging Health. 2011 Apr;23(3):481-504. doi: 10.1177/0898264310386224. Epub 2010 Nov 17.
Improving Chicago Older Adult Opioid and Pain Management Through Patient-Centered Clinical Decision Support and Project ECHO
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
