Chronic Pain — Inmediate Effect of the Visualization of Action
Citation(s)
Eaves DL, Riach M, Holmes PS, Wright DJ Motor Imagery during Action Observation: A Brief Review of Evidence, Theory and Future Research Opportunities. Front Neurosci. 2016 Nov 21;10:514. eCollection 2016. Review.
Mao C, Wei L, Zhang Q, Liao X, Yang X, Zhang M Differences in brain structure in patients with distinct sites of chronic pain: A voxel-based morphometric analysis. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Nov 15;8(32):2981-90. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.32.001.
Niddam DM, Lee SH, Su YT, Chan RC Brain structural changes in patients with chronic myofascial pain. Eur J Pain. 2017 Jan;21(1):148-158. doi: 10.1002/ejp.911. Epub 2016 Jun 28.
van Hecke O, Torrance N, Smith BH Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Jul;111(1):13-8. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet123. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
