Chronic Low Back Pain — Effects of Strength Training in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Citation(s)
Blackburn SE, Portney LG Electromyographic activity of back musculature during Williams' flexion exercises. Phys Ther. 1981 Jun;61(6):878-85. Bressel E1, Willardson JM, Thompson B, Fontana FE. Effect of instruction, surface stability, and load intensity on trunk muscle activity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009 Dec;19(6):e500-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.10.006. Epub 2008 Dec 2. Carpes, FP, Reinehr, FB, and Mota, CB. Effects of a program for trunk strength and stability on pain, low back and pelvis kinematics, and body balance: A pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 12: 22-30, 2008. Clark, D, Lambert, M, and Hunter, A. Muscle activation in the loaded free barbell squat: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 26: 1169-1178, 2012 Escamilla, RF, Francisco, AC, Kayes, A V, Speer, KP, and Moorman III, CT. An electromyographic analysis of sumo and conventional style deadlifts. Med Sci Sport Exerc 34: 682-688, 2002. Kristensen, J and Franklyn-Miller A. Resistance training in musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 46: 719-726, 2012.
Effects of Strength Training Upon Biomechanical, Morphological and Inflammatory Parameters of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
