Chronic Kidney Diseases — Improving Phosphate Control in Children With CKD
Citation(s)
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Ahlenstiel T, Pape L, Ehrich JH, Kuhlmann MK Self-adjustment of phosphate binder dose to meal phosphorus content improves management of hyperphosphataemia in children with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Oct;25(10):3241-9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq161. Epub 2010 Mar 22.
Karamanidou C, Clatworthy J, Weinman J, Horne R A systematic review of the prevalence and determinants of nonadherence to phosphate binding medication in patients with end-stage renal disease. BMC Nephrol. 2008 Jan 31;9:2. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-9-2.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Update Work Group KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2017 Jul;7(1):1-59. doi: 10.1016/j.kisu.2017.04.001. Epub 2017 Jun 21. No abstract available. Erratum In: Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2017 Dec;7(3):e1.
Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, Pellegrini F, Craig JC, Elder GJ, Strippoli GF Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Mar 16;305(11):1119-27. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.308.
Shroff R, Long DA, Shanahan C Mechanistic insights into vascular calcification in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Feb;24(2):179-89. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121191. Epub 2012 Nov 8.
Development of Effective Resources for Phosphate Education for Children and Families With Chronic Kidney Disease: Hearing the Patient Voice
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
