Chronic Kidney Disease — Proton Pump Inhibitor Use is Associated With High Risk of Pneumonia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Citation(s)
Madanick RD Proton pump inhibitor side effects and drug interactions: much ado about nothing? Cleve Clin J Med. 2011 Jan;78(1):39-49. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.77a.10087. Review.
Sheen E, Triadafilopoulos G Adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Apr;56(4):931-50. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1560-3. Review.
Wu H, Jing Q, Wang J, Guo X Pantoprazole for the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Crit Care. 2011 Aug;26(4):434.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.12.007.
Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine , School of Yang-Ming University
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
