Children, Only — The Effects of Different Methods Used in Pediatric Oral Drug Administration
Citation(s)
Akram G, Mullen AB Paediatric nurses' knowledge and practice of mixing medication into foodstuff. Int J Pharm Pract. 2012 Jun;20(3):191-8. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00179.x. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
Alessandrini E, Walsh J, Salunke S Usability of administration devices for oral and respiratory medicines: Views from a UK primary school. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2022 Sep;178:150-158. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.08.006. Epub 2022 Aug 17.
Talegaonkar S, Chitlangia A, Pradhan V, More S, Salunke S Uncovering caregiver concerns: 5 key issues that still remain unresolved in administration of oral medicines for children in India. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2023 Jun;187:166-174. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.
Turgut MA, Turkmen AS The effect of lighted toy on reducing pain and fear during blood collection in children between 3 and 6 years: A randomized control trial. J Pediatr Nurs. 2023 May-Jun;70:111-116. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.02.009. Epub 2023 Mar 9.
The Effects of Different Methods Used in Oral Drug Administration on Fear in Children With Fever
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
