Child, Only — The Effect of the Helper Skin Tap Technique and Buzzy® During Vaccination
Citation(s)
Ayinde O, Hayward RS, Ross JDC The effect of intramuscular injection technique on injection associated pain; a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 May 3;16(5):e0250883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250883. eCollection 2021.
Jose, R M., Sulochana, B., & Shetty, S. (2012). Effectiveness of Skin Tap Technique in Reducing Pain Response. International Journal of Nursing Education, 4(1).
Koc T, Gozen D The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Acute Pain in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015 Oct;12(5):289-96. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12099. Epub 2015 Jul 28.
Mahato, E (2019). Effectiveness of Helfer's Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patient's Receiving Intramuscular Injections. International Journal of Nursing Education, 11(1),41-44.
Therese, A M., & Devi, S. (2014). Effectiveness of Helfer skin tap technique and routine technique on pain reduction among patients receiving intramuscular injection at Government General Hospital, Puducherry. Int J Sci Res, 3(10).
The Effect of the Helper Skin Tap Technique and Buzzy® Application on the Level of Pain and Anxiety Experienced by Children During Vaccination
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
