Byars KC, Yolton K, Rausch J, Lanphear B, Beebe DW Prevalence, patterns, and persistence of sleep problems in the first 3 years of life. Pediatrics. 2012 Feb;129(2):e276-84. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0372. Epub 2012 Jan 4.
Donauer S, Chen A, Xu Y, Calafat AM, Sjodin A, Yolton K Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and infant neurobehavior. J Pediatr. 2015 Mar;166(3):736-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.021. Epub 2014 Dec 16.
Sathyanarayana S, Braun JM, Yolton K, Liddy S, Lanphear BP Case report: high prenatal bisphenol a exposure and infant neonatal neurobehavior. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Aug;119(8):1170-5. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1003064. Epub 2011 Apr 27.
Sears CG, Braun JM, Ryan PH, Xu Y, Werner EF, Lanphear BP, Wellenius GA The association of traffic-related air and noise pollution with maternal blood pressure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the HOME study cohort. Environ Int. 2018 Dec;121(Pt 1):574-581. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.049. Epub 2018 Oct 6.
Spanier AJ, Kahn RS, Xu Y, Hornung R, Lanphear BP Comparison of biomarkers and parent report of tobacco exposure to predict wheeze. J Pediatr. 2011 Nov;159(5):776-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.04.025. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
Spanier AJ, Wilson S, Ho M, Hornung R, Lanphear BP The contribution of housing renovation to children's blood lead levels: a cohort study. Environ Health. 2013 Aug 27;12:72. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-12-72.
Werner EF, Braun JM, Yolton K, Khoury JC, Lanphear BP The association between maternal urinary phthalate concentrations and blood pressure in pregnancy: The HOME Study. Environ Health. 2015 Sep 17;14:75. doi: 10.1186/s12940-015-0062-3.
Wilson SE, Baker ER, Leonard AC, Eckman MH, Lanphear BP Understanding preferences for disclosure of individual biomarker results among participants in a longitudinal birth cohort. J Med Ethics. 2010 Dec;36(12):736-40. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.036517. Epub 2
Woods MM, Lanphear BP, Braun JM, McCandless LC Gestational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in relation to infant birth weight: a Bayesian analysis of the HOME Study. Environ Health. 2017 Oct 27;16(1):115. doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0332-3.
Xu Y, Khoury JC, Sucharew H, Dietrich K, Yolton K Low-level gestational exposure to mercury and maternal fish consumption: Associations with neurobehavior in early infancy. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2016 Mar-Apr;54:61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.02.002. Epub
Xu Y, Yolton K, Khoury J Earliest appropriate time for administering neurobehavioral assessment in newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2011 Jan;127(1):e69-75. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1121. Epub 2010 Dec 20.
Yolton K, Xu Y, Strauss D, Altaye M, Calafat AM, Khoury J Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates and infant neurobehavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011 Sep-Oct;33(5):558-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.08.003. Epub 2011 Aug 10.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.