Cesarean Section — Evaluation of the Typical Spinal Block During Cesarean Delivery
Citation(s)
de Souza Soares EC, Balki M, Downey K, Ye XY, Carvalho JCA Assessment of sensory block during labour epidural analgesia: a prospective cohort study to determine the influence of the direction of testing. Can J Anaesth. 2022 Jun;69(6):750-755. doi: 10.1007/s12630-022-02228-x. Epub 2022 Mar 14.
Hoyle J, Yentis SM Assessing the height of block for caesarean section over the past three decades: trends from the literature. Anaesthesia. 2015 Apr;70(4):421-8. doi: 10.1111/anae.12927. Epub 2014 Nov 10.
Kinsella SM A prospective audit of regional anaesthesia failure in 5080 Caesarean sections. Anaesthesia. 2008 Aug;63(8):822-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05499.x. Epub 2008 Jun 28.
Ousley R, Egan C, Dowling K, Cyna AM Assessment of block height for satisfactory spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 2012 Dec;67(12):1356-63. doi: 10.1111/anae.12034. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
Russell IF A comparison of cold, pinprick and touch for assessing the level of spinal block at caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004 Jul;13(3):146-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2003.12.007.
Russell IF Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. Int J Obstet Anesth. 1995 Apr;4(2):71-7. doi: 10.1016/0959-289x(95)82995-m.
Yentis SM Height of confusion: assessing regional blocks before caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2006 Jan;15(1):2-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.06.010. Epub 2005 Oct 26. No abstract available.
Predicting Spinal Failure With Blunt Needle Pinprick Sensory Testing
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
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Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
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Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
