Barnes JN, Schmidt JE, Nicholson WT, Joyner MJ Cyclooxygenase inhibition abolishes age-related differences in cerebral vasodilator responses to hypercapnia. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jun;112(11):1884-90. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01270.2011. Epub 2012 Mar 22.
Carlsson I, Wennmalm A Effect of different prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on post-occlusive blood flow in human forearm. Prostaglandins. 1983 Aug;26(2):241-52.
Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Bull C, Robinson J, Deanfield JE Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Nov 15;24(6):1468-74.
Droste DW, Harders AG, Rastogi E A transcranial Doppler study of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries performed at rest and during mental activities. Stroke. 1989 Aug;20(8):1005-11.
Girouard H, Iadecola C Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Jan;100(1):328-35. Review.
Green DJ, O'Driscoll G, Joyner MJ, Cable NT Exercise and cardiovascular risk reduction: time to update the rationale for exercise? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Aug;105(2):766-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01028.2007. Epub 2008 Jan 3.
Ide K, Eliasziw M, Poulin MJ Relationship between middle cerebral artery blood velocity and end-tidal PCO2 in the hypocapnic-hypercapnic range in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jul;95(1):129-37.
Ivancev V, Bakovic D, Obad A, Breskovic T, Palada I, Joyner MJ, Dujic Z Effects of indomethacin on cerebrovascular response to hypercapnea and hypocapnea in breath-hold diving and obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 May 15;166(3):152-8. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.03.001. Epub 2009 Mar 18.
Lucas SJ, Ainslie PN, Murrell CJ, Thomas KN, Franz EA, Cotter JD Effect of age on exercise-induced alterations in cognitive executive function: relationship to cerebral perfusion. Exp Gerontol. 2012 Aug;47(8):541-51. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.12.002. Epub 2012 Jan 2.
Selim M, Jones R, Novak P, Zhao P, Novak V The effects of body mass index on cerebral blood flow velocity. Clin Auton Res. 2008 Dec;18(6):331-8. doi: 10.1007/s10286-008-0490-z. Epub 2008 Aug 22.
Smith EE, Greenberg SM Beta-amyloid, blood vessels, and brain function. Stroke. 2009 Jul;40(7):2601-6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.536839. Epub 2009 May 14. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.