Cerebrovascular Accident — Hand Exercise and Upper Arm Anesthesia to Improvements Hand Function in Chronic Stroke Patients
Citation(s)
Matchar DB, McCrory DC, Barnett HJ, Feussner JR Medical treatment for stroke prevention. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jul 1;121(1):41-53. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 1994 Sep 15;121(6):470. Ann Intern Med 1995 Jun 1;122(11):885.
Nudo RJ, Milliken GW, Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci. 1996 Jan 15;16(2):785-807.
Schlaug G, Knorr U, Seitz R Inter-subject variability of cerebral activations in acquiring a motor skill: a study with positron emission tomography. Exp Brain Res. 1994;98(3):523-34.
Improvements of Hand Function in Chronic Stroke Related to Upper Arm Anesthesia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
