Cerebral Palsy — Effects of Weekly Hippotherapy Frequency on Children With Cerebral Palsy
Citation(s)
Alemdaroglu E, Yanikoglu I, Öken Ö, Uçan H, Ersöz M, Köseoglu BF, Kapicioglu MI Horseback riding therapy in addition to conventional rehabilitation program decreases spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: A small sample study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May;23:26-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Feb 13.
Cho SH, Kim JW, Kim SR, Cho BJ Effects of horseback riding exercise therapy on hormone levels in elderly persons. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Jul;27(7):2271-3. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2271. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
Earles JL, Vernon LL, Yetz JP Equine-assisted therapy for anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Trauma Stress. 2015 Apr;28(2):149-52. doi: 10.1002/jts.21990. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
Flores FM, Dagnese F, Mota CB, Copetti F Parameters of the center of pressure displacement on the saddle during hippotherapy on different surfaces. Braz J Phys Ther. 2015 May-Jun;19(3):211-7. doi: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0090. Epub 2015 Jun 12.
Kang KY Effects of mechanical horseback riding on the balance ability of the elderly. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Aug;27(8):2499-500. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2499. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
Kim SR, Cho SH, Kim JW, Lee HC, Brienen M, Cho BJ Effects of horseback riding exercise therapy on background electroencephalograms of elderly people. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Jul;27(7):2373-6. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2373. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
Kwon JY, Chang HJ, Lee JY, Ha Y, Lee PK, Kim YH Effects of hippotherapy on gait parameters in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 May;92(5):774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.031.
Kwon JY, Chang HJ, Yi SH, Lee JY, Shin HY, Kim YH Effect of hippotherapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Jan;21(1):15-21. doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0021. Epub 2014 Dec 31.
Lee CW, Kim SG, An BW The effects of horseback riding on body mass index and gait in obese women. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Apr;27(4):1169-71. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.1169. Epub 2015 Apr 30.
Lee DK, Kim EK The influence of horseback riding training on the physical function and psychological problems of stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Sep;27(9):2739-41. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2739. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
Lee N, Park S, Kim J Effects of hippotherapy on brain function, BDNF level, and physical fitness in children with ADHD. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2015 Jun;19(2):115-21. doi: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15061209. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
McGibbon NH, Benda W, Duncan BR, Silkwood-Sherer D Immediate and long-term effects of hippotherapy on symmetry of adductor muscle activity and functional ability in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Jun;90(6):966-74. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.011.
Park ES, Rha DW, Shin JS, Kim S, Jung S Effects of hippotherapy on gross motor function and functional performance of children with cerebral palsy. Yonsei Med J. 2014 Nov;55(6):1736-42. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1736.
Park J, Lee S, Lee D The effects of horseback riding simulator exercises on the muscle activity of the lower extremities according to changes in arm posture. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Sep;27(9):2731-2. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2731. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
Temcharoensuk P, Lekskulchai R, Akamanon C, Ritruechai P, Sutcharitpongsa S Effect of horseback riding versus a dynamic and static horse riding simulator on sitting ability of children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Jan;27(1):273-7. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.273. Epub 2015 Jan 9.
Tseng SH, Chen HC, Tam KW Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of equine assisted activities and therapies on gross motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2013 Jan;35(2):89-99. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.687033. Epub 2012 May 26. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
